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Transient electromagnetics, (also time-domain electromagnetics / TDEM), is a geophysical exploration technique in which electric and magnetic fields are induced by transient pulses of electric current and the subsequent decay response measured. TEM / TDEM methods are generally able to determine subsurface electrical properties, but are also sensitive to subsurface magnetic properties in applications like UXO detection and characterization. TEM/TDEM surveys area very common surface EM technique for mineral exploration, groundwater exploration, and for environmental mapping, used throughout the world in both onshore and offshore applications. == Physical principles == Two fundamental electromagnetic principles are required to derive the physics behind TEM surveys: Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's Law. A loop of wire is generally energized by a direct current. At some time (''t0'') the current is cut off as quickly as possible. Faraday's law dictates that a nearly identical current is induced in the subsurface to preserve the magnetic field produced by the original current (eddy currents). Due to ohmic losses, the induced surface currents dissipate—this causes a change in the magnetic field, which induces subsequent eddy currents. The net result is a downward and outward diffusion of currents in the subsurface which appear as an expanding smoke ring 〔Nabighian, M.N., 1979, Quasi-static Transient Response of a Conducting Half-Space – an Approximate Representation. Geophysics, Vol. 44, No. 10 (October 1979), pp. 1700-1705〕 when the current density is contoured.〔Nabighian, M. and J. Macnae, 1991, Time domain electromagnetic prospecting methods, Chapter 6 in Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics, Volume 2, M. Nabighian Ed., Society of Exploration Geophysicists.〕 These currents produce a magnetic field by Faraday's law. At the surface, the change in magnetic field () with time is measured. The way the currents diffuse in the subsurface is related to the conductivity distribution in the ground.〔J. D. McNeill, 1980, Applications of Transient Electromagnetic Techniques, Technical Note 7, Geonics Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario.〕 This is a basic view of the physical principles involved. When conductive bodies are present, the diffusion of the transients is changed. In addition, transients are induced in the conductive bodies as well. This is only the most basic overview. The paper by McNeill is freely available from the Geonics website〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Geonics Limited Publications )〕 explaining the basics of the method. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transient electromagnetics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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